They were still in use when the Dynasty fell in the revolution of 1911, and they were used by both sides during the clashes between the Nationalists and Communists in the 1930s and 40s. The Chinese Empress’ soldiers were armed with this rifle during the Boxer Rebellion. In 1895 the Imperial arsenal began producing copies of the German 1888 commission rifle, but with a conventional stock and hand guard instead of the metal barrel shroud. The type 88 came about when the Qing Dynasty was trying to modernize its army. Well over a million of these were made from about 1895 until the 1940s. Developed at the end of the 19th century, the rifle remained in use through WWII, and even saw action early in the Korean War. I think that among the spin-offs of the German 1888 Commission Rifle, the Chinese Type 88 Hanyang Arsenal rifle should be listed among the most successful.
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